MSW - English Unit 2

 Unit - 2

Grammar

Conjunctions

Conjunctions are words used to connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence. They help to establish relationships between different parts of a sentence. Here are some common conjunctions and their usage:

1. Coordinating Conjunctions:

   • "and": connects similar ideas or elements.
   • "but": shows a contrast or contradiction.
   • "or": presents an alternative or choice.
   • "nor": expresses a negative alternative.
   • "for": explains a reason or cause.
   • "so": indicates a consequence or result.
   • "yet": introduces a contrast.

   Example: I wanted to go to the party, but I had to finish my homework.

2. Subordinating Conjunctions:

   • "although": introduces a contrast or concession.
   • "because": indicates a cause or reason.
   • "while": shows a simultaneous action.
   • "if": introduces a conditional statement.
   • "unless": expresses a condition that must be met.
   • "since": indicates a time or cause.
   • "after": shows the sequence of events.

   Example: She studied hard because she wanted to pass the exam.

3. Correlative Conjunctions:

   • "either...or": presents a choice between two alternatives.
   • "neither...nor": expresses a negative choice between two alternatives.
   • "both...and": indicates the combination of two elements.
   • "not only...but also": presents two related ideas.

   Example: He not only plays the guitar but also sings in a band.

Remember, conjunctions play an important role in sentence structure and can help you create clear and cohesive sentences.

Here are some examples of conjunctions used in sentences:

1. Coordinating Conjunctions:

   • I like coffee, and I like tea.
   • He studied hard for the test, but he still didn't pass.
   • Would you like pizza or pasta for dinner?
   • She neither smiled nor acknowledged my presence.

2. Subordinating Conjunctions:

   • Although it was raining, they decided to go for a walk.
   • We couldn't go to the beach because it was too windy.
   • While I was cooking, she was setting the table.
   • If you study hard, you will succeed.
   • I'll go out unless it starts raining.

3. Correlative Conjunctions:

• Either you come with us, or you stay at home.
• Neither the team captain nor the coach was present at the meeting.
• Both Sarah and Emily are talented dancers.
• Not only did she win the race, but she also broke the record.

Prepositions

Prepositions are words that typically show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other elements in a sentence. They often indicate location, time, direction, manner, or possession. Here are some common prepositions along with their usage:

1. Location/Place:

   • "in": She is in the kitchen.
   • "on": The book is on the table.
   • "at": He is waiting at the bus stop.
   • "under": The cat is sleeping under the bed.
   • "above": The birds are flying above the trees.

2. Time:

   • "at": The meeting is at 9 a.m.
   • "on": The party is on Saturday.
   • "in": He was born in July.
   • "before": I wake up before sunrise.
   • "after": We'll meet after the movie.

3. Direction/Movement:

   • "to": They went to the park.
   • "from": She received a gift from her friend.
   • "into": The cat jumped into the box.
   • "out of": He stepped out of the car.
   • "towards": They walked towards the beach.

4. Manner:

   • "with": She painted the picture with a brush.
   • "by": He traveled to the city by train.
   • "like": He eats breakfast like a king.
   • "as": They sang together as a choir.

5. Possession:

   • "of": The bookshelf is full of books.
   • "with": He arrived with his sister.
   • "belonging to": The car keys are belonging to John.

Remember, prepositions are important for providing details about relationships between different elements in a sentence. It's essential to use the correct preposition to accurately convey your intended meaning.

Here are some examples of prepositions used in sentences:

1. Location/Place:

   • The cat is sitting on the table.
   • The book is in the backpack.
   • The children are playing at the park.
   • The restaurant is across the street.
   • The keys are under the pillow.

2. Time:

   • The meeting is at 2 p.m.
   • We have a party on Friday.
   • She was born in 1990.
   • I usually wake up before sunrise.
   • Let's meet after work.

3. Direction/Movement:

   • We are going to the beach.
   • She received a gift from her parents.
   • The ball rolled into the garden.
   • He jumped out of the car.
   • They walked towards the mountains.

4. Manner:

   • She painted the picture with a brush.
   • He traveled to the city by train.
   • She sings like an angel.
   • He worked as a teacher.

5. Possession:

• The book is on the shelf.
• She went to the party with her friend.
• The pen belongs to me.
• The house at the end of the street is John's.

Tenses

Tenses in English are used to indicate the time of an action or event. There are three primary tenses: past, present, and future. Each tense has various forms and uses. Here's an overview of the three main tenses and their common forms:

1. Present Tense:

   • Simple Present: Used for general truths, habitual actions, and permanent situations. Example: I eat breakfast every morning.
   • Present Continuous: Used for actions happening at the moment of speaking or temporary situations. Example: She is reading a book right now.
   • Present Perfect: Used for actions or events that happened in the past but have a connection to the present. Example: They have visited Paris before.
   • Present Perfect Continuous: Used for actions or events that started in the past, continue in the present, and may continue into the future. Example: We have been studying for hours.

2. Past Tense:

   • Simple Past: Used for actions or events that occurred and completed in the past. Example: They watched a movie yesterday.
   • Past Continuous: Used for actions that were in progress at a specific time in the past. Example: She was studying when the phone rang.
   • Past Perfect: Used to indicate an action or event that happened before another action or event in the past. Example: He had already finished his homework when his friend arrived.
   • Past Perfect Continuous: Used for actions or events that started in the past, continued for some time, and eventually stopped. Example: They had been playing tennis for two hours before it started raining.

3. Future Tense:

   • Simple Future: Used to express actions or events that will happen in the future. Example: We will go on vacation next week.
   • Future Continuous: Used to express actions that will be in progress at a particular time in the future. Example: They will be attending a conference at this time tomorrow.
   • Future Perfect: Used to indicate an action that will be completed before a specified time or event in the future. Example: By the time you arrive, we will have finished cooking dinner.
   • Future Perfect Continuous: Used to express actions or events that will be ongoing and in progress for a period of time before a specific point in the future. Example: They will have been working on this project for six months by the end of the year.

It's important to use the appropriate tense to convey the correct timing and sequence of actions or events in your sentences.

Here are some examples of sentences using different tenses:

1. Present Tense:

   • Simple Present: The sun rises in the east.
   • Present Continuous: She is eating dinner right now.
   • Present Perfect: I have visited London in the past.
   • Present Perfect Continuous: They have been studying for hours.

2. Past Tense:

   • Simple Past: We went to the beach yesterday.
   • Past Continuous: She was studying when the phone rang.
   • Past Perfect: He had already finished his work before the meeting started.
   • Past Perfect Continuous: They had been playing soccer for two hours before it started raining.

3. Future Tense:

• Simple Future: I will call you later.
• Future Continuous: They will be traveling to Paris next month.
• Future Perfect: By the time you arrive, we will have finished decorating.
• Future Perfect Continuous: They will have been working on the project for six months by the end of the year.

Common Errors

Here are some common errors that people often make in English:

1. Subject-Verb Agreement:

   • Error: The dog chase the cat.
   • Correction: The dog chases the cat.

2. Incorrect Word Forms:

   • Error: I have went to the store.
   • Correction: I have gone to the store.

3. Confusion between "They're," "Their," and "There":

   • Error: Their going to the party tonight.
   • Correction: They're going to the party tonight.

4. Misuse of "Your" and "You're":

   • Error: Your a great friend.
   • Correction: You're a great friend.

5. Incorrect Use of Prepositions:

   • Error: I'm going on the cinema.
   • Correction: I'm going to the cinema.

6. Improper Use of Pronouns:

   • Error: Him and I went to the movies.
   • Correction: He and I went to the movies.

7. Run-on Sentences:

   • Error: I like to read books I also enjoy watching movies.
   • Correction: I like to read books. I also enjoy watching movies.

8. Lack of Agreement between Pronouns and Antecedents:

   • Error: Each student should bring their own books.
   • Correction: Each student should bring his or her own books.

9. Confusion between "Its" and "It's":

   • Error: Its a beautiful day outside.
   • Correction: It's a beautiful day outside.

10. Spelling Mistakes:

    • Error: Wierd
    • Correction: Weird

These are just a few examples of common errors. It's important to proofread your writing carefully and familiarize yourself with grammar rules to avoid these mistakes.

Here are some examples of common errors in English:

1. Subject-Verb Agreement:

   • Error: The students is studying for the exam.
   • Correction: The students are studying for the exam.

2. Incorrect Word Forms:

   • Error: I have drinked coffee this morning.
   • Correction: I have drunk coffee this morning.

3. Confusion between "They're," "Their," and "There":

   • Error: There going to the park.
   • Correction: They're going to the park.

4. Misuse of "Your" and "You're":

   • Error: Your going to love this movie.
   • Correction: You're going to love this movie.

5. Incorrect Use of Prepositions:

   • Error: I'm waiting for my friend in the bus.
   • Correction: I'm waiting for my friend at the bus stop.

6. Improper Use of Pronouns:

   • Error: Me and my brother went to the store.
   • Correction: My brother and I went to the store.

7. Run-on Sentences:

   • Error: I woke up late this morning I missed the bus to work.
   • Correction: I woke up late this morning, so I missed the bus to work.

8. Lack of Agreement between Pronouns and Antecedents:

   • Error: Everybody should bring their own lunch.
   • Correction: Everybody should bring his or her own lunch.

9. Confusion between "Its" and "It's":

   • Error: Its a beautiful day.
   • Correction: It's a beautiful day.

10. Spelling Mistakes:

• Error: Recieve
• Correction: Receive